James Garfield: Presidential Term, Accomplishments, And Legacy

James A. Garfield, the 20th U.S. President, served briefly in 1881 before his assassination. This article explores his life, presidency, key events, and lasting impact on American history.

Key Takeaways

• James A. Garfield's presidency was tragically cut short after only a few months in office.
• His assassination led to significant civil service reform with the passage of the Pendleton Act.
• Garfield was a proponent of civil rights and advocated for African American suffrage.
• His early life was marked by poverty and self-education, leading to a distinguished career in the military and Congress.
• Garfield's intellectual curiosity and eloquence made him a respected figure in his time.

Introduction

James Abram Garfield (1831-1881) was an American lawyer, Civil War general, and statesman who served as the 20th President of the United States. His presidency, though brief, occurred during a pivotal time in American history, marked by Reconstruction and the burgeoning industrial age. Garfield's life, characterized by his rise from humble beginnings to the nation's highest office, is a testament to his intellect, ambition, and dedication to public service. This article delves into the life and times of James A. Garfield, examining his early years, political career, short-lived presidency, and enduring legacy.

What & Why

Early Life and Career

James A. Garfield was born in a log cabin in Moreland Hills, Ohio, on November 19, 1831. His early life was marked by hardship following his father's death when Garfield was only two years old. Driven by a thirst for knowledge, Garfield educated himself, working various jobs to fund his studies at Geauga Seminary and later at Williams College in Massachusetts, where he excelled academically. He graduated in 1856 and returned to Ohio, where he became a professor of classics and the president of Hiram College.

Why it Matters: Garfield's self-made success story resonated with many Americans and showcased the opportunities available through education and hard work. His commitment to learning and personal growth would later influence his political views and policies.

Civil War Service

With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Garfield joined the Union Army, rising to the rank of major general. He fought in several key battles, including the Battle of Shiloh and the Battle of Chickamauga. His military service brought him national recognition and paved the way for his political career.

Why it Matters: Garfield's military service demonstrated his patriotism and leadership abilities during a critical period in American history. His experiences in the war shaped his views on national unity and the rights of African Americans. — CVS Main St. Nashua: Your Guide

Political Career

In 1863, Garfield was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served for 17 years. A Republican, he was a strong advocate for civil rights and supported Reconstruction policies aimed at protecting the rights of African Americans in the South. Garfield was known for his eloquence, integrity, and ability to bridge divides within his party.

Why it Matters: Garfield's long tenure in Congress provided him with valuable experience in legislative matters and solidified his reputation as a skilled politician and statesman. His commitment to civil rights positioned him as a progressive voice within the Republican Party.

Election of 1880

In 1880, Garfield unexpectedly won the Republican nomination for president after a protracted convention battle. He faced Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock in a close general election, ultimately winning by a narrow margin in the popular vote and a more comfortable electoral vote victory.

Why it Matters: The election of 1880 reflected the political divisions of the time, with the nation still grappling with the aftermath of the Civil War and the challenges of Reconstruction. Garfield's victory signaled a continuation of Republican policies but also raised hopes for reconciliation and reform. — Ole Miss Vs. Citadel: Game Breakdown

Garfield's Presidency

Garfield's presidency began on March 4, 1881, but was tragically cut short after only a few months. His key objectives included civil service reform, asserting federal authority in the South, and promoting education. He appointed several African Americans to prominent positions, signaling his commitment to racial equality.

Why it Matters: Despite its brevity, Garfield's presidency offered a glimpse of his potential as a leader. His focus on civil service reform and civil rights laid the groundwork for future progress in these areas.

Assassination

On July 2, 1881, just four months into his term, Garfield was shot by a disgruntled office seeker, Charles J. Guiteau. The shooting occurred at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. Although the bullets themselves were not immediately fatal, Garfield suffered from infection and blood poisoning due to unsanitary surgical practices. He died on September 19, 1881, after months of suffering.

Why it Matters: Garfield's assassination shocked the nation and highlighted the need for civil service reform to address the spoils system, which allowed political appointments to be made based on patronage rather than merit. His death also underscored the vulnerability of the president and the importance of presidential security.

Legacy

Garfield's legacy is complex and multifaceted. While his presidency was brief, his assassination galvanized public opinion in favor of civil service reform, leading to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883. This landmark legislation established a merit-based system for federal employment, reducing the influence of political patronage.

Garfield is also remembered for his commitment to civil rights and his advocacy for African American suffrage. His eloquent speeches and writings on the subject inspired many and contributed to the ongoing struggle for racial equality. — Michaels West Des Moines: Crafts, Classes & More

Why it Matters: Garfield's legacy extends beyond his short time in office. His commitment to reform and civil rights continues to inspire, and the Pendleton Act remains a cornerstone of modern government administration.

How-To / Steps / Framework Application

While James Garfield's presidency doesn't lend itself directly to a